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Oregon Was Founded As a Racist Utopia. When Oregon was granted statehood in 1. Union admitted with a constitution that forbade black people from living, working, or owning property there. It was illegal for black people even to move to the state until 1. The drive- in catered to America.
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But if you happened to be black, the owners of Waddles implored you to keep on driving. The restaurant had a sign outside with a very clear message: .
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How could a progressive, northern city like Portland have allowed a restaurant to exclude non- white patrons? This had to be an anomaly, right?
In reality it was far too common in Oregon, a state that was explicitly founded as a kind of white utopia. America. White people outside of the South seem to learn about the Civil War and civil rights movements from an incredibly safe (and often judgmental) distance. Racism was generally framed as something that happened in the past and almost always . But what about the racism of Portland, Oregon, a city that is still overwhelmingly white? The struggles there were just as intense . And that held true until 1. The small number of black people already living in the state in 1.
Union, were sometimes allowed to stay, but the next century of segregation and terrorism at the hands of angry racists made it clear that they were not welcome. Oregon. The definitive book on the topic is Eden Within Eden: Oregon.
But the book kind of misses the forest for the trees in not recognizing the fact that the entire state of Oregon was founded as a kind of racist. Some brave and noble people made the journey that would become cartoonishly immortalized for at least three generations now in the computer game Oregon Trail. But unfortunately for people of color, that pixelated utopia and vision of the promise land was explicitly designed to exclude them in real life. This is not to pick on Oregon in particular as being particularly racist and terrible.
The de facto exclusion of any non- white people from a number of businesses, institutions, and communities occurred throughout the Northeast, Midwest, and West. Oregon seems to have been just a bit more vocal and straightforward about it.
I spoke over the phone with Walidah Imarisha, an educator and expert on black history in Oregon and she was quick to explain that the state is only really exceptional in that it bothered to proclaim its goals of white supremacy so openly. This is not some accident of history. But life as a person of color in Oregon would prove to be like trying to play Oregon Trail in a roomful of Klansmen while the computer lab is on fire.
The Messy Birth of Oregon. Oregon territorial map from 1. David Rumsey) Joseph Lane, the first territorial governor of Oregon (Wikipedia)The question of whether Oregon should allow slavery dates back to at least the 1. The majority of Oregonians (which is to say the territory. In the summer of 1. Legislative Committee passed a provision that said any free black people who were in the state would be subject to flogging if they didn. The floggings were supposed to continue every six months until they left the territory.
That provision was revised in December of 1. Instead, free black people who remained would be offered up . But one thing is clear: the territorial statutes would become irrelevant the following decade when Oregon would formally write its constitution. And that document was no more generous to the tiny black population. The legislative founders of Oregon weren. Many of the sixty men who drafted the state.
One significant subject of debate was how long members of the new government should be allowed to debate for. One particularly long- winded gentleman complained that he was just getting warmed up after 4. These guys had plenty to say, but when it came to actually writing a constitution, they were pretty damn lazy. In fact, 1. 72 of the document? As David Schuman explains in his 1. The Creation of the Oregon Constitution, they fell into two camps: limits on state spending and forms of racial exclusion.
Somewhat ironically, the racial exclusion sections were included in an article called the Bill of Rights. The constitution was put to a popular vote in the state in 1. The first was whether they should reject slavery. Roughly 7. 5 percent of voters opted to reject the adoption of slavery. The second measure was whether or not to exclude black people from the state. About 8. 9 percent of voters cast their vote in favor of excluding black and mixed race people from the state. And thus, the exclusionary aspects of the state constitution were adopted.
The resulting Article 1, Section 3. Oregon state constitution: No free negro, or mulatto, not residing in this State at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall come, reside, or be within this State, or hold any real estate, or make any contracts, or maintain any suit therein; and the Legislative Assembly shall provide by penal laws, for the removal, by public officers, of all such negroes, and mulattoes, and for their effectual exclusion from the State, and for the punishment of persons who shall bring them into the state, or employ, or harbor them. The voters who overwhelmingly embraced this exclusion rationalized it not as blind hate, but as a progressive move that was simply keeping their new land . House explained at a reunion in 1. Some believers in the doctrine of abstract human rights interpret this vote against admission of free negroes as an exhibition of prejudices which prevailed agains the African who was not a slave, but I have never so regarded it.
It was largely an expression against any mingling of the white with any of the other races, and upon a theory that as we had yet no considerable representation of other races in our midst, we should do nothing to encourage their introduction. We were building a new state on virgin ground; it. But Oregon had a rather complicated relationship with that particular Amendment. Having ratified it in 1. The move was more symbolic than anything, but Oregon gave the sign that it wasn. Astoundingly, it wouldn.
Though Asian people were not specifically called out in Oregon. The Chinese residents fled, with some people getting on the first train out. But some Chinese residents weren.
But as the 1. 91. It was the only place that black people from out of town could rent a room, and it was the central hub of black entertainment, recreation, and dining in Portland. First opened in 1. Portland authorities continually tried to shut down the place on trumped up charges of prostitution, gambling, and later for not having the .
But it did prove to be one of the few places in the city outside of church where black people could find a sense of community. Beatrice Morrow Cannady and the Struggle in Oregon. Cannady in a 1. 92. Oregon Daily Journal) Beatrice Morrow Cannady in an undated photo (Oregonian Archives). The changes that would. Born in Texas in 1. Cannady hopped around the country a bit, attending schools in New Orleans and Houston before moving to the Portland in 1.
The Advocate, Oregon. By 1. 91. 4 Cannady was helping to found the Portland chapter of the NAACP and the following year was speaking out against D. W. She and her children were refused entry to the main floor of the Oriental Theatre in 1. The Oregon Supreme Court had decided in the 1. Taylor v. Cohn that black people could be legally segregated from whites in public places.
That particular ruling wasn. Virtually nothing happens overnight. But if Cannady. Because once the early 1.
Oregon would involve a group of terrorist cowards who liked to dress up in their bedsheets and burn shit. The Kowards of the Klavern Arrive. Frederick Louis Gifford, head of the Oregon KKK (1.
Klan pamphlet (Oregon History Project)The arrival of the Ku Klux Klan in Oregon was swift and terrifying. In 1. 92. 2 the Klan in Oregon boasted membership of over 1. Portland. And they were setting the state aflame. There were frequent cross burnings on the hills outside Portland and around greater Oregon. The Klan held meetings, openly participated in parades, and held enormous gatherings for initiation ceremonies. One such gathering in 1. Oregon State Fairgrounds in Salem attracted over 1,5.
They reportedly burned an enormous cross, of course. As David A. Horowitz explains in his book Inside the Klavern: The Secret History of a Ku Klux Klan of the 1. And politicians at every level of government from the state to county to city officials were involved. In 1. 92. 3, Oregon governor, Walter M.
Pierce, and Portland mayor George L. Baker, attended and spoke at a dinner in honor of Grand Dragon Frederick L. Which, if true, is perhaps less vindication for the politicians and more an indictment of just how far the Klan had seeped into mainstream culture in Oregon. High ranking members of the Klan would meet with high ranking politicians in the state on matters of public policy. And we have the photos to prove it.
Members of the Klan meeting with Portland officials in 1. North Coast Oregon)The August 2, 1. Portland Telegram included a photo of Portland city and Multnomah county officials with two Klan members. The mayor of Portland, George L. Baker, is third from the right and the police chief, L. V. Jenkins, is third from the left.
The Telegram was one of the few newspapers in Oregon to openly oppose the Klan at the height of its power in the state. Despite being owned by white Protestant men, the newspaper. The paper hemorrhaged thousands of readers and when it folded in 1. Klan. Eberhard died at the age of 8. KKK meetings in Oregon was discovered, dating from 1.
Public mention of their existence wouldn. Klan membership lists were highly secretive, but politicians like Pierce were discussed in the minutes as being loyal KKK members. But the Klan. Not only were the hooded cowards meeting with law enforcement, they were advising them on what they. As the Telegram would report, the Portland police department was .
The town of La Grande as just one example, which as you. The town had a mere 1.